BEGIN:VCALENDAR
VERSION:2.0
PRODID:-//Speaking For A Change - ECPv6.16.5.1//NONSGML v1.0//EN
CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
METHOD:PUBLISH
X-ORIGINAL-URL:https://barrybradford.com
X-WR-CALDESC:Events for Speaking For A Change
REFRESH-INTERVAL;VALUE=DURATION:PT1H
X-Robots-Tag:noindex
X-PUBLISHED-TTL:PT1H
BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
TZID:America/Chicago
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0600
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
TZNAME:CDT
DTSTART:20240310T080000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0600
TZNAME:CST
DTSTART:20241103T070000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0600
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
TZNAME:CDT
DTSTART:20250309T080000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0600
TZNAME:CST
DTSTART:20251102T070000
END:STANDARD
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0600
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
TZNAME:CDT
DTSTART:20260308T080000
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0600
TZNAME:CST
DTSTART:20261101T070000
END:STANDARD
END:VTIMEZONE
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250516T100000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250516T110000
DTSTAMP:20250501T212912Z
CREATED:20250501T212912Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250501T212912Z
UID:14094-1747389600-1747393200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Who Killed JFK – Historian Presents a Modern Analysis
DESCRIPTION: Who Killed JFK?\n I’ll Tell You! \n \nThe murder of John F. Kennedy on November 22\, 1963\, shocked the nation. A suspect was quickly arrested and subsequently murdered. President Lyndon Johnson appointed a blue ribbon committee – the Warren Commission – to answer the question: who killed JFK? \nThey concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the sole assassin. Immediately\, the public was skeptical. Stephen King described Oswald as “a semi-educated hillbilly with delusions of grandeur.” How could such an insignificant loser pull off such a dastardly crime? And why did Jack Ruby\, accused of being a Mob member\, kill Oswald? \nWe have been through with whispered knowledge of conspiracies\, confessions\, and coverups. And so the public has asked for an explanation of the “magic bullet.” \nAnd the contradictory witness statements. \nAnd Oswald’s shadowy past. \nAnd all of the “secret files.” \nAnd all of the conspiracy theories. \nAnd all of the “mysterious deaths” associated with the assassination? \nBooks\, articles\, movies\, and documentaries have raised innumerable questions about who killed JFK. \nWho Killed JFK – Computer Analysis\nSo who killed JFK? I will attempt to answer as many of these questions as possible. First\, I will attempt to separate historical fact from theory & speculation. Second\, I will show what the historical record actually indicates happened. We have access to much more information today than the Warren Commission had in 1963/4 or the House of Representatives had in 1977. Third\, we will examine what modern computer forensics can tell us about crime. For instance\, the Warren Commission had access to the “Zapruder Film.”  Today\, we can use computers to enhance and analyze the film. We can use modern technology to analyze the path of each of the bullets that were fired. \nWho Killed JFK – Computer Analysis \nAnd we can use computers to isolate the mysterious sounds a Dallas motorcycle patrolman captured.  In 1977\, the House of Representatives believed that the recording showed four shots fired in Dealy Plaza.  The National Academy of Science\, among many other groups\, have taken the same sound recordings and used state-of-the-art technology to analyze them. What do we know now? \nYou may disagree with my conclusions\, but you will definitely learn a lot and come away with a new perspective on the historical record of who killed JFK. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/who-killed-jfk-historian-presents-a-modern-analysis-2/
LOCATION:Private Venue
CATEGORIES:American History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/jpk-assassination.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250513T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250513T200000
DTSTAMP:20250507T010618Z
CREATED:20250428T183008Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250507T010618Z
UID:14069-1747161000-1747166400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Sherman's March To The Sea - Saving America By Destroying A Rebellion (PM)
DESCRIPTION:Sherman’s March To The Sea – Saving America By Destroying A Rebellion\n No military action in the bloody Civil War was probably more controversial than Sherman’s March To The Sea. After the War\, traitors who were inclined to respect Grant and revere Lincoln were unreconstructed in their hatred of William T. Sherman. Why? The brutal\, unprecedented destruction of enormous swaths of the South hastened the end of the War and sped the end of the barbarous\, immoral and inhumane practice of the enslavement\, rape and murder of the descendants of kidnap victims. Sherman hastened the demise of that unspeakable activity. However\, the utter desolation of the lives and lands of so many White Southerners had a long-lasting impact on race relations and politics.  \nSherman was a complex man\, brilliant and fragile\, harsh and yet sentimental. His troops adored him\, leaders of the terrorist rebellion feared him\, and Abraham Lincoln recognized his invaluable patriotic service to our nation. \nIn this fast-paced and constantly fascinating multimedia presentation\, we will learn how Gen. William Sherman and his dedicated troops easily crushed the army of traitors who stood in their way\, in the process making military history and helping save the republic. Add to that his friendship with General Grant\, his deep respect for President Lincoln\, and his amazing life after the war – they all make for a compelling and fascinating multimedia history presentation! \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Sherman PM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Sherman PM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Sherman PM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register \nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/shermans-march-to-the-sea-saving-america/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Military History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Burning-of-Atlanta.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250513T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250513T130000
DTSTAMP:20250501T040500Z
CREATED:20250428T184230Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250501T040500Z
UID:14071-1747135800-1747141200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Sherman's March To The Sea - Saving America By Destroying A Rebellion (AM)
DESCRIPTION:Sherman’s March To The Sea – Saving America By Destroying A Rebellion\n No military action in the bloody Civil War was probably more controversial than Sherman’s March To The Sea. After the War\, traitors who were inclined to respect Grant and revere Lincoln were unreconstructed in their hatred of William T. Sherman. Why? The brutal\, unprecedented destruction of enormous swaths of the South hastened the end of the War and sped the end of the barbarous\, immoral and inhumane practice of the enslavement\, rape and murder of the descendants of kidnap victims. Sherman hastened the demise of that unspeakable activity. However\, the utter desolation of the lives and lands of so many White Southerners had a long-lasting impact on race relations and politics.  \nSherman was a complex man\, brilliant and fragile\, harsh and yet sentimental. His troops adored him\, leaders of the terrorist rebellion feared him\, and Abraham Lincoln recognized his invaluable patriotic service to our nation. \nIn this fast-paced and constantly fascinating multimedia presentation\, we will learn how Gen. William Sherman and his dedicated troops easily crushed the army of traitors who stood in their way\, in the process making military history and helping save the republic. Add to that his friendship with General Grant\, his deep respect for President Lincoln\, and his amazing life after the War – they all make for a compelling and fascinating multimedia history presentation! \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Sherman AM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Sherman AM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Sherman AM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register \nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/shermans-march-to-the-sea/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Military History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Burning-of-Atlanta.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250506T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250506T200000
DTSTAMP:20250428T023343Z
CREATED:20250428T023343Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250428T023343Z
UID:14057-1746556200-1746561600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Murrow vs. McCarthy
DESCRIPTION:In the dark shadow of the early 1950s\, Senator Joseph McCarthy wielded fear like a weapon\, accusing countless Americans of disloyalty with little or no evidence. Few dared to stand against him—until Edward R. Murrow stepped into the fight. In this gripping program\, we explore how Murrow used the young medium of television to challenge McCarthy’s reign of terror\, first through the story of Milo Radulovich\, a young man expelled from the Air Force Reserve without due process\, and then in a direct confrontation that shook the nation. \nMurrow vs. McCarthy: The Night Television Grew Up\nThrough powerful storytelling and historical footage\, we will examine how Murrow and his See It Now team meticulously exposed McCarthy’s tactics\, culminating in the landmark broadcast that many historians consider the night television came of age. Murrow’s steady voice and measured condemnation provided a rallying cry for those who believed in reason\, truth\, and the power of free speech. His actions not only helped curb McCarthy’s influence but also \reshaped the role of television news forever. \nOn March 9\, 1954\, Murrow delivered one of the most courageous broadcasts in American history. In a measured but devastating critique aired on See It Now\, Murrow exposed McCarthy’s tactics\, hypocrisy\, and the cost of silence. It was a moment when television proved it could do more than entertain — it could defend democracy itself. The broadcast electrified the public\, hastening McCarthy’s downfall and forever changing the relationship between journalism and power. \nJoin us for a fascinating look at this pivotal moment in American history. We’ll uncover the behind-the-scenes decisions that led to Murrow’s bold stand\, the national reaction to the broadcasts\, and the lasting impact on journalism and politics. Through Murrow’s example\, we will see how integrity\, courage\, and the responsible use of media can alter the course of a nation. \nREGISTRATION INFORMATION \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Edward PM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Edward PM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Edward PM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/murrow-vs-mccarthy/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Cultural History,Current Events,Political History
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250506T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250506T130000
DTSTAMP:20250428T023911Z
CREATED:20250428T023911Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250428T023911Z
UID:14059-1746531000-1746536400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Murrow vs. McCarthy The Night Television Grew Up (AM)
DESCRIPTION:In the dark shadow of the early 1950s\, Senator Joseph McCarthy wielded fear like a weapon\, accusing countless Americans of disloyalty with little or no evidence. Few dared to stand against him—until Edward R. Murrow stepped into the fight. In this gripping program\, we explore how Murrow used the young medium of television to challenge McCarthy’s reign of terror\, first through the story of Milo Radulovich\, a young man expelled from the Air Force Reserve without due process\, and then in a direct confrontation that shook the nation. \nMurrow vs. McCarthy: The Night Television Grew Up\nThrough powerful storytelling and historical footage\, we will examine how Murrow and his See It Now team meticulously exposed McCarthy’s tactics\, culminating in the landmark broadcast that many historians consider the night television came of age. Murrow’s steady voice and measured condemnation provided a rallying cry for those who believed in reason\, truth\, and the power of free speech. His actions not only helped curb McCarthy’s influence but also \reshaped the role of television news forever. \nOn March 9\, 1954\, Murrow delivered one of the most courageous broadcasts in American history. In a measured but devastating critique aired on See It Now\, Murrow exposed McCarthy’s tactics\, hypocrisy\, and the cost of silence. It was a moment when television proved it could do more than entertain — it could defend democracy itself. The broadcast electrified the public\, hastening McCarthy’s downfall and forever changing the relationship between journalism and power. \nJoin us for a fascinating look at this pivotal moment in American history. We’ll uncover the behind-the-scenes decisions that led to Murrow’s bold stand\, the national reaction to the broadcasts\, and the lasting impact on journalism and politics. Through Murrow’s example\, we will see how integrity\, courage\, and the responsible use of media can alter the course of a nation. \nREGISTRATION INFORMATION \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Edward AM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Edward AM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Edward AM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/murrow-vs-mccarthy-the-night-television-grew-up-am/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Cultural History,Current Events,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Edward-R.-Murrow-on-Time-Magazone.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T200000
DTSTAMP:20250328T002627Z
CREATED:20250328T002627Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250328T002627Z
UID:14027-1745951400-1745956800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - April 2025 Current Events (PM)
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events presentation and discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘April PM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘April PM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for April PM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-april-2025-current-events-pm/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T140000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T150000
DTSTAMP:20250327T230225Z
CREATED:20250327T230225Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250327T230225Z
UID:14020-1745935200-1745938800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - April 2025 Current Events
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can participate in a current events presentation and discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-april-2025-current-events-4/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250429T130000
DTSTAMP:20250328T002017Z
CREATED:20250328T002017Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250328T002017Z
UID:14025-1745926200-1745931600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - April 2025 Current Events (AM)
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘April AM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘April AM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for April AM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-april-2025-current-events-am/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250411T100000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250411T110000
DTSTAMP:20241218T212207Z
CREATED:20241218T212207Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241218T212207Z
UID:13696-1744365600-1744369200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Nellie Bly
DESCRIPTION:Nellie Bly was one of the most groundbreaking female journalists in American history! \nShe began her journalistic career before she was 20 years old. Working in a time when very few women had ever achieved a great deal of success in journalism\, Nelly Bly broke every mold and every expectation as to what a woman could do in the ‘man’s world’ of newspaper reporting. Smart\, fearless\, and determined\, Nellie Bly fearlessly exposed the harsh\, unfair working conditions for mill workers in Pittsburgh\, drawing the ire of the richest people in the city. She then served as her newspaper  ‘s foreign correspondent in Mexico before being run out of the country for exposing governmental corruption. This dangerous assignment made the petite Ms. Bly the first woman ever to be an accredited foreign correspondent for an American newspaper! \nWanting greater challenges and rejecting the stereotypical notion that female reporters should cover “women’s stories\,” Nelly Bly moved to New York City. In her first assignment\, for Joseph Pulitzer\, she risked her life going undercover in a “mental asylum” in New York. For ten harrowing days\, she was locked in an asylum where Ms. Bly was starved\, tortured\, and unable to secure her own release. Her bombshell reporting caused the New York City asylum to be shut down\, and New York agreed to major reforms in the way they treated people with mental health issues. \nToday\, Nelly Bly is probably best remembered for being the first person ever to travel around the world in less than 80 days. If you are impressed with her accomplishments\, let me add that she did all this before she was 25 years old! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/nellie-bly-5/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History,Psychology,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Nellie-Bly-Mad-House-Book.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250328T110000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250328T120000
DTSTAMP:20250228T225320Z
CREATED:20250228T225320Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T225320Z
UID:13980-1743159600-1743163200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - March 2025 Current Events
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-march-2025-current-events-3/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250327T130000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250327T143000
DTSTAMP:20250228T224437Z
CREATED:20250228T224437Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T224437Z
UID:13978-1743080400-1743085800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - March 2025 Current Events
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-march-2025-current-events/
LOCATION:North Shore Senior Center\, 161 Northfield Road\, Northfield\, 60093
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
ORGANIZER;CN="NSSC - Lifelong Learning":MAILTO:LifelongLearning@nssc.org
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250325T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250325T200000
DTSTAMP:20250228T192451Z
CREATED:20250228T192451Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T192451Z
UID:13969-1742927400-1742932800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - March 2025 Current Events (PM)
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘MARCH PM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘March PM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for MARCH PM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-march-pm/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250325T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250325T130000
DTSTAMP:20250228T200854Z
CREATED:20250228T200854Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T200854Z
UID:13971-1742902200-1742907600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - March 2025 Current Events (AM)
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘MARCH AM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘March AM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for MARCH AM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-march-2025-current-events-2/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250319T133000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250319T150000
DTSTAMP:20241220T203111Z
CREATED:20241220T203110Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241220T203111Z
UID:13754-1742391000-1742396400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom was reshaping family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born in the same year that George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago-3/
LOCATION:Private Venue
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T200000
DTSTAMP:20250228T190619Z
CREATED:20250228T190619Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T190619Z
UID:13965-1742322600-1742328000@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Jimmy Carter (PM)
DESCRIPTION:Jimmy Carter was an enigma. \nA profoundly religious Southern Baptist\, raised by a segregationist Father and an open-spirited mother who nursed Black families without pay in southern Georgia\, Carter’s unique background made him hard to define and hard to understand. \nAs President\, Jimmy Carter was a moralist. Neither liberal nor conservative\, he made few political friends and found himself isolated even from those in his own party. \nPresident Carter brimmed with self-confidence and a moral compass that told him what to do and whom to trust. \nThe common perception of Carter is that he was a lousy President (except for the Camp David Accords) and our greatest ex-resident. However\, the impact of the Carter Institute\, his many books\, his work in establishing Habitat For Humanity\, and his world travels as an ambassador of peace have made Carter more popular now than when he was President! \nJoin us for a unique and insightful view into the background and career of Jimmy Carter! \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Jimmy PM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Jimmy PM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Jimmy PM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register \nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/jimmy-carter-pm/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/slideshow_1001706428_HABITAT_FOR_HUMANITY_INTERN.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T130000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T143000
DTSTAMP:20250315T152051Z
CREATED:20250315T143926Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250315T152051Z
UID:13984-1742302800-1742308200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Jewish Heroes Of The Civil Rights Movement
DESCRIPTION:Some people incorrectly think of the civil rights movement as African-American people versus white people. \nThe truth is that many white people\, including many Jewish Americans\, provided physical\, emotional\, and monetary support to the movement. It would be more accurate to describe the civil rights battles of the 1950s and 60s as a battle between good and evil. \nThis inspiring and fascinating multimedia presentation will examine how Jewish Americans committed themselves to Dr. King’s goals of freedom\, voting rights\, community\, and an end to discrimination. We will examine \n“King repeatedly used the Jewish experience as a model of success over oppression. He respected and admired the values taught by Judaism and\, as a deeply religious man\, felt inspired by the Torah itself. He was sure that an alliance between blacks and Jews was fundamental to progress in civil rights. King felt a sense of kinship with the Jewish people and welcomed — even expected – – Jewish support and felt let down when it was not forthcoming.” Rabbi Marc Schneier \nThis Is A FREE Presentation\, Presented On Zoom. It is at 1 Central –  2 Eastern\nClick Here To Register\n  \n  \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/jewish-heroes-of-the-civil-rights-movement-4/
LOCATION:New City Library\, 220 N. Main Street\, New City\, NY\, 10956-4000\, United States
CATEGORIES:American History,Civil Rights
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/image-142.jpeg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250318T130000
DTSTAMP:20250228T191827Z
CREATED:20250228T191827Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250228T191827Z
UID:13967-1742297400-1742302800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Jimmy Carter (AM)
DESCRIPTION:Jimmy Carter was an enigma. \nA profoundly religious Southern Baptist\, raised by a segregationist Father and an open-spirited mother who nursed Black families without pay in southern Georgia\, Carter’s unique background made him hard to define and hard to understand. \nAs President\, Jimmy Carter was a moralist. Neither liberal nor conservative\, he made few political friends and found himself isolated even from those in his own party. \nPresident Carter brimmed with self-confidence and a moral compass that told him what to do and whom to trust. \nThe common perception of Carter is that he was a lousy President (except for the Camp David Accords) and our greatest ex-resident. However\, the impact of the Carter Institute\, his many books\, his work in establishing Habitat For Humanity\, and his world travels as an ambassador of peace have made Carter more popular now than when he was President! \nJoin us for a unique and insightful view into the background and career of Jimmy Carter! \nCOST\nThe program is available for a minimum contribution of $5.00\, which helps support my work and allows me to continue offering engaging content. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “Jimmy AM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “Jimmy AM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “Jimmy AM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register \nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/jimmy-carter-am/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/slideshow_1001706428_HABITAT_FOR_HUMANITY_INTERN.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250313T130000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250313T143000
DTSTAMP:20241220T044134Z
CREATED:20241220T044134Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241220T044134Z
UID:13750-1741870800-1741876200@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:2000: Life in America 25 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Travel back to the year 2000\, when America stood on the cusp of the 21st century. The dawn of the internet age was in full swing\, with AOL chatrooms\, Napster\, and the first major dot-com bubble shaping how people connected and consumed media. \nY2K fears loomed large\, but the new millennium arrived without the predicted chaos. Politically\, the nation witnessed one of the most contentious presidential elections in history\, as the Supreme Court ultimately decided the Bush-Gore race. \nAmong the famous people who left us in 2000 were Hedy Lamarr\, Steve Allen\, Walter Matthau\, and Charles Schulz. \n2000 was also a landmark year in American popular culture. On television\, Survivor revolutionized reality TV\, while Gladiator dominated the big screen\, winning the Academy Award for Best Picture. Meanwhile\, NSYNC and Britney Spears were at the peak of their pop stardom\, and the Nokia 3310 became the must-have cellphone of the year. \nConsumer goods reflected the digital shift\, as DVD players became increasingly popular\, and gas prices hovered around $1.56 per gallon. \nFast-moving\, nostalgic\, and packed with surprises\, this multimedia program offers a fresh perspective on the year 2000. Whether you remember the era vividly or want to learn what made it so pivotal\, this engaging presentation is the perfect way to reflect on the cultural and historical milestones that shaped the early 21st century. Sign up today and take a step back to where it all began! \n====================================== \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/2000-life-in-america-25-years-ago-2/
LOCATION:North Shore Senior Center\, 161 Northfield Road\, Northfield\, 60093
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Political History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/New-Years-Eve-2000.jpg
ORGANIZER;CN="NSSC - Lifelong Learning":MAILTO:LifelongLearning@nssc.org
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250312T140000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250312T153000
DTSTAMP:20241220T235954Z
CREATED:20241220T235954Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241220T235954Z
UID:13776-1741788000-1741793400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom was reshaping family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born in the same year that George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago-4/
LOCATION:Private Venue
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250311T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250311T130000
DTSTAMP:20250131T203438Z
CREATED:20250131T194730Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250131T203438Z
UID:13919-1741692600-1741698000@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:2000: Life in America 25 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Travel back to the year 2000\, when America stood on the cusp of the 21st century. The dawn of the internet age was in full swing\, with AOL chatrooms\, Napster\, and the first major dot-com bubble shaping how people connected and consumed media. \nY2K fears loomed large\, but the new millennium arrived without the predicted chaos. Politically\, the nation witnessed one of the most contentious presidential elections in history\, as the Supreme Court ultimately decided the Bush-Gore race. \nAmong the famous people who left us in 2000 were Hedy Lamarr\, Steve Allen\, Walter Matthau\, and Charles Schulz. \n2000 was also a landmark year in American popular culture. On television\, Survivor revolutionized reality TV\, while Gladiator dominated the big screen\, winning the Academy Award for Best Picture. Meanwhile\, NSYNC and Britney Spears were at the peak of their pop stardom\, and the Nokia 3310 became the must-have cellphone of the year. \nConsumer goods reflected the digital shift\, as DVD players became increasingly popular\, and gas prices hovered around $1.56 per gallon. \nFast-moving\, nostalgic\, and packed with surprises\, this multimedia program offers a fresh perspective on the year 2000. Whether you remember the era vividly or want to learn what made it so pivotal\, this engaging presentation is the perfect way to reflect on the cultural and historical milestones that shaped the early 21st century. Sign up today and take a step back to where it all began! \n====================================== \nCOST\nThe cost for the program is a minimum donation of $5.00 to help support my work.\nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “2000 AM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “2000 AM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “2000 AM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion.\nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register\nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to:\n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/__trashed-2/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Political History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/New-Years-Eve-2000.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250304T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250304T200000
DTSTAMP:20241220T041515Z
CREATED:20241220T040259Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241220T041515Z
UID:13745-1741113000-1741118400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:2000: Life in America 25 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Travel back to the year 2000\, when America stood on the cusp of the 21st century. The dawn of the internet age was in full swing\, with AOL chatrooms\, Napster\, and the first major dot-com bubble shaping how people connected and consumed media. \nY2K fears loomed large\, but the new millennium arrived without the predicted chaos. Politically\, the nation witnessed one of the most contentious presidential elections in history\, as the Supreme Court ultimately decided the Bush-Gore race. \nAmong the famous people who left us in 2000 were Hedy Lamarr\, Steve Allen\, Walter Matthau\, and Charles Schulz. \n2000 was also a landmark year in American popular culture. On television\, Survivor revolutionized reality TV\, while Gladiator dominated the big screen\, winning the Academy Award for Best Picture. Meanwhile\, NSYNC and Britney Spears were at the peak of their pop stardom\, and the Nokia 3310 became the must-have cellphone of the year. \nConsumer goods reflected the digital shift\, as DVD players became increasingly popular\, and gas prices hovered around $1.56 per gallon. \nFast-moving\, nostalgic\, and packed with surprises\, this multimedia program offers a fresh perspective on the year 2000. Whether you remember the era vividly or want to learn what made it so pivotal\, this engaging presentation is the perfect way to reflect on the cultural and historical milestones that shaped the early 21st century. Sign up today and take a step back to where it all began! \n====================================== \nCOST\nThe cost for the program is a minimum donation of $5.00 to help support my work.\nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “2000” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “2000” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “2000” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion.\nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register\nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to:\n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/2000-life-in-america-25-years-ago/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Political History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/New-Years-Eve-2000.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250303T140000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250303T153000
DTSTAMP:20241221T192510Z
CREATED:20241221T192510Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241221T192510Z
UID:13820-1741010400-1741015800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom was reshaping family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born in the same year that George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago-5/
LOCATION:Private Venue
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250225T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250225T200000
DTSTAMP:20250131T202750Z
CREATED:20250131T202750Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250131T202750Z
UID:13928-1740508200-1740513600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - February 2025 Current Events (PM)
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘FEB PM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘FEB PM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for FEB PM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-february-2025-current-events-pm/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250225T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250225T130000
DTSTAMP:20250131T202154Z
CREATED:20250131T201834Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250131T202154Z
UID:13925-1740483000-1740488400@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:What Just Happened - February 2025 Current Events
DESCRIPTION:Once a month\, you can be part of a current events discussion presentation discussion with a twist. Award-winning  professional historian Barry Bradford will help us learn “What Just Happened?” \nThis session is unique because we will not just discuss our opinions about the news but also learn the history behind the events and their underlying significance. We’ll discuss several of the most exciting events of the month\, and there will be plenty of time for you to ask questions and offer your thoughts. \nIMPORTANT NOTE: ALL comments and questions must be respectfully asked using appropriate language. Speeches and misinformation will be terminated at the moderator’s express choice. \nCOST \nI ask for a minimum donation of $5.00. If you cannot afford it or feel my programs are not worth $5.00\, email me\, and I will waive your fee. I struggle to support a family\, so I understand with compassion living on a tight budget! \nCash/Check Payable to Barry Bradford \nBarry Bradford \nP.O. Box #177 \nDeerfield\, IL 60015 \nPlease put ‘FEB AM’ in the subject line. \nPaypal: \nPayPal (Please note\, PayPal takes 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50) \n \n√ Venmo  \n(send to @B-Bradford-1) Please add a note saying ‘FEB AM.’ \n√  Zelle – Use the email address Barry1776@ATT.NET (Please add a note that it is for FEB AM) \n√ Don’t pay (or pay less) if you cannot afford it! Email me for a waiver if you are not able to pay. \nREGISTRATION LINK – Click Here \nNO ZOOM LINK??  \nIf you do not receive a confirmation email\, you did not sign up correctly. SAVE THE CONFIRMATION EMAIL! If you cannot find your confirmation email\, check your spam folder. The other alternative is to return to the website and sign up again. I cannot send you the link! They come straight from Zoom! \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/what-just-happened-february-2025-current-events/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,British History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Current Events,Economic History,Legal History,Sports History,Women's History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Screen-Shot-2023-01-22-at-4.18.04-PM.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250221T100000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250221T110000
DTSTAMP:20241217T003408Z
CREATED:20241217T003408Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241217T003408Z
UID:13669-1740132000-1740135600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Lincoln's Greatest Speeches
DESCRIPTION:This brand new presentation will introduce you to the greatest speeches given by our greatest president. Abraham Lincoln was a master of communication. Like FDR during World War II\, Lincoln constantly explained to Americans why we were fighting the Civil War. Although many people throughout the Union opposed him\, President Abraham Lincoln never stopped trying to bring about national consensus\, conciliation\, and cooperation. \nYou are probably very familiar with the Gettysburg address. And you may remember that President Lincoln famously called on the nation to deal with defeated traitors\, “With malice towards none and charity towards all..” but in this insightful history presentation\, we will go beneath the surface. \nWe will look at how Lincoln used language to make sure his positions were clearly understood\, that people felt empowered\, and with the hope that he could heal a broken nation. \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/lincolns-greatest-speeches-9/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/Malice-Towards-None-2.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250214T100000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250214T113000
DTSTAMP:20241217T003925Z
CREATED:20180413T164519Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241217T003925Z
UID:7904-1739527200-1739532600@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:Movies About Lincoln - Abraham Lincoln On Film
DESCRIPTION:No American President has been portrayed on film more often than Abraham Lincoln! \nFrom the earliest days of silent movies\, Lincoln has been featured in more films than all other Presidents combined. The most brilliant of these iconic performances can be seen in John Ford’s groundbreaking “Young Mr. Lincoln” starring Henry Fonda. Raymond Massey played Lincoln so often on stage\, in movies\, and on TV that George S. Kaufman famously observed: “[Raymond] Massey won’t be satisfied until he’s assassinated!” \nEven in contemporary films such as Spielberg’s “Lincoln\,” the myth of Honest Abe grows and evolves with each movie. In this insightful\, mesmerizing\, and nostalgic multimedia presentation\, you will see my work as a Lincoln scholar combined with my love of classic cinema!
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/movies-about-lincoln-4/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History,Cultural History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/image-1.jpg
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250213T130000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250213T143000
DTSTAMP:20241219T234838Z
CREATED:20241219T234838Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241219T234838Z
UID:13735-1739451600-1739457000@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom was reshaping family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born in the same year that George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago-2/
LOCATION:North Shore Senior Center\, 161 Northfield Road\, Northfield\, 60093
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
ORGANIZER;CN="NSSC - Lifelong Learning":MAILTO:LifelongLearning@nssc.org
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250211T183000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250211T200000
DTSTAMP:20250130T233010Z
CREATED:20241219T230308Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250130T233010Z
UID:13724-1739298600-1739304000@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom was reshaping family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born in the same year that George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \n\nCOST\nI kindly ask for a voluntary donation of $5.00 to help support my work. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “1950 PM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “1950 PM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “1950 PM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register\nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250211T113000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250211T130000
DTSTAMP:20250203T020757Z
CREATED:20250131T001620Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20250203T020757Z
UID:13910-1739273400-1739278800@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:1950 - Life In America 75 Years Ago (AM)
DESCRIPTION:Journey to 1950\, a defining year of post-war America\, when optimism soared and new challenges emerged. The Baby Boom reshaped family life\, and suburban living became the American ideal. Television became the centerpiece of entertainment\, with early shows like I Love Lucy laying the groundwork for modern TV culture. Meanwhile\, the Cold War began to take hold\, with the Korean War marking the first major military conflict of the era. \n1950 wasn’t just about politics and economics—it was a year of rich cultural milestones. The movie Sunset Boulevard captivated audiences with its sharp critique of Hollywood’s Golden Age\, and Ella Fitzgerald’s smooth vocals dominated the airwaves. In sports\, the New York Yankees won another World Series\, while consumer goods like frozen dinners and color televisions symbolized the growing comfort of middle-class American homes. The Tonight Show\, Bill Murray\, and Morgan Fairchild were born the same year George Bernard Shaw and George Orwell died. \nThis program offers a vibrant look at a year of optimism and tension\, filled with fascinating stories\, visuals\, and multimedia elements. Whether you remember 1950 or are curious to learn about it\, this engaging presentation will transport you back to a time of hope\, change\, and cultural growth. Reserve your spot now to experience the year that set the stage for modern America! \nCOST\nI kindly ask for a voluntary donation of $5.00 to help support my work. \nPAYMENT OPTIONS \nCash/Check\nPayable to: Barry Bradford\nMail to:\nBarry Bradford\nP.O. Box #177\nDeerfield\, IL 60015\nPlease write “1950 AM” in the subject line. \nPayPal\nPay securely via PayPal:\n\n(Please note: PayPal deducts 10% of your donation as a fee. I receive $4.50 per $5.00 donation.) \nVenmo\nSend to: @B-Bradford-1\nPlease include “1950 AM” in the note. \nZelle\nUse the email address: Barry1776@ATT.NET\nInclude “1950 AM” in the note. \nWAIVER OPTION\nIf you cannot afford to pay or feel my programs aren’t worth $5.00\, you are welcome to attend for free or contribute less. Just email me to request a waiver—no questions asked! This one-time request will cover all future programs. I completely understand the challenges of living on a tight budget and offer this with compassion. \nREGISTRATION LINK\nClick Here to Register\nDIDN’T RECEIVE YOUR ZOOM LINK?\nIf you don’t receive a confirmation email after registering\, it means your sign-up wasn’t completed. Be sure to: \n\nCheck your spam folder for the confirmation email.\nSave the confirmation email once you find it.\n\nIf you still can’t locate the email\, return to the website and register again. Unfortunately\, I cannot manually send you the link\, as they are generated directly by Zoom. \n  \n  \n 
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/1950-life-in-america-75-years-ago-7/
LOCATION:Zoom
CATEGORIES:American History,Chicago History,Civil Rights,Cultural History,Economic History,Legal History,Military History,Political History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/png:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/1950.png
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Chicago:20250207T100000
DTEND;TZID=America/Chicago:20250207T110000
DTSTAMP:20241218T200159Z
CREATED:20241218T200159Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20241218T200159Z
UID:13685-1738922400-1738926000@barrybradford.com
SUMMARY:The Life Of Lincoln
DESCRIPTION:When Abraham Lincoln became President\, he was two years younger than George W. Bush was when he became Chief Executive! On the day he died\, Lincoln was approximately the same age Barack Obama was when he began his second term. Few Americans realize Lincoln was such a young man during his difficult Presidency. He never wore a beard until after he was elected! The Life Of Lincoln is filled with surprises\, shrouded in myths\, and ultimately an uplifting story of a great man \nAbraham Lincoln is our most familiar President. Any American could identify him on sight. Yet Lincoln’s life was surprisingly complex\, and the truth about Lincoln is often shrouded in myth. \nAs a Lincoln scholar\, I will offer a frank\, surprising\, and intriguing multimedia presentation on the real man under the stove-pipe hat. Don’t miss the Life Of Lincoln!
URL:https://barrybradford.com/schedules/the-life-of-lincoln-4/
LOCATION:Uniper
CATEGORIES:American History
ATTACH;FMTTYPE=image/jpeg:https://barrybradford.com/wp-content/uploads/EmilysQuotes.Com-intelligent-wisdom-preparation-Abraham-Lincoln.jpg
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR